Waste not want not

The controversy around the use of food and feed commodities for biofuel has led to an increasing focus on opportunities to produce biofuels from wastes, residues and by-products. However, where those materials have existing productive uses, redirecting them into energy recovery applications may cause displacement and indirect emissions. This study for the International Council on Clean Transportation considers the potential indirect emissions profiles of a variety of materials that may be considered for additional incentives in EU biofuel policy beyond 2020.